FRANCE

ANALYSIS OF FRANCE’S TRADE: DATA, PRODUCTS & PROCEDURES, FOR MORE DETAILED INFORMATION OR A SPECIFIC MARKET INTELLIGENCE MATTER OR ANY OTHER MATTER PLEASE CONTACT US

1. MACROECONOMIC TRADE CONTEXT

Annual Trade Volume 2023:

  • Total Trade: €1.43 trillion
  • Exports: €604.4 billion (↓ 5.8% from 2022 record)
  • Imports: €825.6 billion (↓ 8.6% from 2022)
  • Trade Balance: €-221.2 billion deficit (↓ from €-164B in 2022)
  • Trade-to-GDP Ratio: 66.2% (exports: 28% of GDP)
  • Global Rank: 7th largest exporter, 6th largest importer
  • World Export Share: 2.8% (2023)

Geographic Distribution 2023:

EXPORT MARKETS (€604.4B):

  1. EU-27: 55.4% (€335.0B)
    • Germany: €90.2B (14.9%)
    • Italy: €54.3B (9.0%)
    • Spain: €51.8B (8.6%)
    • Belgium: €49.1B (8.1%)
    • Netherlands: €23.4B (3.9%)
    • United Kingdom: €40.2B (6.7%)
    • Switzerland: €18.6B (3.1%)
  2. Americas: 17.5% (€105.8B)
    • United States: €64.2B (10.6%)
    • Canada: €11.4B (1.9%)
    • Mexico: €8.2B (1.4%)
  3. Asia: 16.8% (€101.5B)
    • China: €30.8B (5.1%)
    • Japan: €11.2B (1.9%)
    • Singapore: €9.8B (1.6%)
    • South Korea: €8.4B (1.4%)
    • India: €7.2B (1.2%)
  4. Africa: 5.8% (€35.0B)
    • Morocco: €9.2B (1.5%)
    • Algeria: €6.8B (1.1%)
    • Tunisia: €4.1B (0.7%)
  5. Rest of World: 4.5% (€27.1B)

IMPORT ORIGINS (€825.6B):

  1. EU-27: 53.2% (€439.2B)
    • Germany: €111.2B (13.5%)
    • Italy: €64.8B (7.8%)
    • Belgium: €63.4B (7.7%)
    • Spain: €62.1B (7.5%)
    • Netherlands: €54.3B (6.6%)
    • United Kingdom: €28.4B (3.4%)
  2. Asia: 24.2% (€199.8B)
    • China: €84.6B (10.2%)
    • Vietnam: €22.4B (2.7%)
    • Japan: €16.2B (2.0%)
    • South Korea: €14.8B (1.8%)
    • Taiwan: €13.2B (1.6%)
  3. Americas: 11.8% (€97.4B)
    • United States: €58.9B (7.1%)
    • Canada: €12.8B (1.6%)
  4. Africa: 6.3% (€52.0B)
  5. Rest of World: 4.5% (€37.2B)

2. DETAILED EXPORT PRODUCT ANALYSIS

A. AEROSPACE & TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT (€89.5B, 14.8%)

1. Aerospace Products: €56.8B

  • Commercial Aircraft: €38.2B (Airbus, Dassault Aviation)
    • Airbus A320neo family: €18.5B
    • Airbus A350: €12.8B
    • Regional jets (ATR): €3.2B
    • Business jets (Dassault Falcon): €4.7B
  • Aircraft Parts & Components: €18.6B
    • Engines (Safran): €8.4B
    • Avionics (Thales): €6.2B
    • Landing gear, interiors: €4.0B

2. Road Vehicles: €32.7B

  • Passenger Cars: €24.2B
    • Renault Group: €14.8B
    • Stellantis (Peugeot, Citroën): €9.4B
    • Electric vehicles: €8.6B (35% of total)
  • Vehicle Parts: €8.5B (Valeo, Faurecia, Michelin)

B. PHARMACEUTICALS & CHEMICALS (€85.3B, 14.1%)

1. Pharmaceuticals: €52.4B

  • Medicinal Products: €42.6B (Sanofi, Servier, Ipsen)
    • Vaccines: €18.2B (Sanofi Pasteur)
    • Diabetes treatments: €8.4B
    • Cardiovascular drugs: €6.8B
    • Oncology: €5.2B
  • Diagnostic Reagents: €9.8B (bioMérieux)

2. Chemical Products: €32.9B

  • Perfumes & Cosmetics: €18.4B (L’Oréal, LVMH, Chanel)
  • Basic Chemicals: €8.2B (Arkema, TotalEnergies)
  • Specialty Chemicals: €6.3B

C. FOOD & BEVERAGES (€81.6B, 13.5%)

1. Beverages: €28.7B

  • Wines & Spirits: €18.9B
    • Champagne: €5.8B
    • Bordeaux wines: €4.2B
    • Cognac & Armagnac: €4.5B
    • Other wines: €4.4B
  • Other Beverages: €9.8B

2. Cereals & Grain Products: €18.4B

  • Wheat: €8.2B (world’s 5th largest exporter)
  • Corn: €4.8B
  • Barley: €3.2B
  • Processed Cereals: €2.2B

3. Dairy Products: €12.8B

  • Cheese: €5.8B (world’s 3rd largest exporter)
  • Butter: €3.2B
  • Milk Powder: €2.4B
  • Other Dairy: €1.4B

4. Meat & Meat Products: €10.2B

5. Other Foodstuffs: €11.5B

D. MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT (€72.8B, 12.0%)

1. Industrial Machinery: €32.4B

  • Food Processing Machinery: €12.8B
  • Construction Equipment: €8.6B
  • Packaging Machinery: €6.2B
  • Other Industrial: €4.8B

2. Electrical Equipment: €26.8B

  • Power Generation Equipment: €14.2B (EDF, Framatome)
  • Electrical Motors: €8.4B
  • Other Electrical: €4.2B

3. Precision Instruments: €13.6B

E. ELECTRONICS & COMPUTERS (€48.2B, 8.0%)

1. Electronic Components: €22.4B

2. Computers & Peripherals: €18.6B

3. Telecom Equipment: €7.2B

F. METAL PRODUCTS (€36.8B, 6.1%)

1. Iron & Steel: €18.4B (ArcelorMittal France)

2. Aluminum Products: €12.6B

3. Other Metals: €5.8B

G. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (€34.2B, 5.7%)

1. Live Animals: €8.4B

2. Fruits & Vegetables: €14.8B

3. Oils & Fats: €6.2B

4. Other Agricultural: €4.8B

H. ENERGY PRODUCTS (€32.6B, 5.4%)

1. Refined Petroleum: €18.4B (TotalEnergies)

2. Electricity: €12.8B (largest electricity exporter in Europe)

3. Other Energy: €1.4B

I. OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS (€123.4B, 20.4%)

1. Luxury Goods: €48.2B

  • Fashion & Leather Goods: €28.4B (LVMH, Kering, Hermès)
  • Jewelry & Watches: €14.8B
  • Perfumes (already counted in chemicals): €5.0B

2. Furniture & Design: €22.4B

3. Textiles & Clothing: €18.6B

4. Paper & Paperboard: €12.8B

5. Plastics & Rubber: €10.4B

6. Miscellaneous: €11.0B

3. DETAILED IMPORT PRODUCT ANALYSIS

A. ENERGY PRODUCTS (€134.8B, 16.3%)

1. Petroleum Products: €78.4B

  • Crude Oil: €56.2B
  • Refined Products: €22.2B

2. Natural Gas: €42.8B

3. Coal: €8.2B

4. Electricity: €5.4B (net importer despite large exports)

B. MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT (€126.4B, 15.3%)

1. Industrial Machinery: €58.2B

2. Electrical Equipment: €42.8B

3. Computers & Electronics: €25.4B

C. ROAD VEHICLES (€98.6B, 11.9%)

1. Passenger Cars: €74.2B

  • From Germany: €28.4B
  • From Spain: €18.6B
  • From Czech Republic: €12.8B
  • From Slovakia: €8.2B

2. Vehicle Parts: €24.4B

D. CHEMICAL PRODUCTS (€92.8B, 11.2%)

1. Pharmaceuticals: €48.6B

2. Organic Chemicals: €28.4B

3. Plastics: €15.8B

E. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS (€86.2B, 10.4%)

1. Semiconductors: €42.8B

2. Electronic Circuits: €28.4B

3. Other Components: €15.0B

F. FOOD & BEVERAGES (€72.4B, 8.8%)

1. Fruits & Vegetables: €28.6B

2. Meat Products: €18.4B

3. Fish & Seafood: €12.8B

4. Other Foodstuffs: €12.6B

G. METALS & METAL PRODUCTS (€68.2B, 8.3%)

1. Iron & Steel: €32.8B

2. Non-Ferrous Metals: €24.8B

3. Metal Products: €10.6B

H. TEXTILES & CLOTHING (€54.8B, 6.6%)

1. Clothing: €38.4B

2. Textile Materials: €16.4B

I. OTHER IMPORTS (€91.4B, 11.1%)

4. TRADE PROCEDURES & REGULATIONS – DEEP DIVE

A. CUSTOMS DECLARATION PROCESS

1. Regulatory Framework:

  • Primary Authority: French Customs (Direction Générale des Douanes et Droits Indirects – DGDDI)
  • Legal Basis: EU Customs Code (UCC) + French Customs Code
  • EU Status: Founding EU member, Eurozone member
  • Regional Structure: 12 regional directorates, 120 customs offices

2. Timeline Requirements:

Import Declaration (Déclaration Sommaire d’Entrée – DSE):

  • Maritime Containers: 24 hours before loading at foreign port
  • Air Cargo: 4 hours before arrival in France
  • Road/Rail: 1 hour before EU external border crossing
  • Simplified Procedures: For authorized economic operators

Customs Declaration Filing:

  • Delta System: French electronic customs declaration system
  • Declaration Types:
    • Dégrevée (standard clearance)
    • Unique Administrative Document (DUA) for non-EU
    • Intrastat for intra-EU trade statistics
  • Languages: French required for all documentation

3. Document Requirements:

Mandatory Documents for Non-EU Imports:

  1. Commercial Invoice (in French or with French translation)
  2. Transport Document (Bill of Lading, Air Waybill, CMR)
  3. Packing List
  4. Certificate of Origin (for preferential treatment)
  5. Import Licenses (where required)
  6. Safety Data Sheets (for chemicals in French)
  7. Pro-forma Invoice (for customs valuation)

Special Sector Documents:

  • Food Products: Health certificates, TRACES notification
  • Wines & Spirits: Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC) certificates
  • Cultural Goods: Export certificates from country of origin
  • Dual-use Goods: Export licenses from originating country
  • Medicines: ANSM (French Medicines Agency) authorization

4. Customs Valuation:

Six Methods (French implementation):

  1. Valeur Transactionnelle (transaction value) – primary method
  2. Valeur Transactionnelle de Marchandises Identiques
  3. Valeur Transactionnelle de Marchandises Similaires
  4. Méthode de la Valeur Déduite
  5. Méthode de la Valeur Computée
  6. Méthode de Dernier Ressort

French Specific Requirements:

  • Related Party Transactions: Extensive documentation required
  • Royalty Payments: Must be included if related to imported goods
  • Assists: Materials/services provided free must be valued
  • Currency Conversion: ECB rates on date of acceptance
  • Language: All supporting documents must be in French or have certified translation

B. TAXATION & DUTIES CALCULATION

1. Value Added Tax (TVA):

  • Standard Rate: 20%
  • Reduced Rates:
    • 10%: Restaurant services, transport, cultural events
    • 5.5%: Food, books, energy renovation work
    • 2.1%: Medicines, newspapers
  • VAT Exempt: Exports, intra-EU supplies
  • Registration Threshold: €94,300 for goods, €36,500 for services
  • VAT on Import: Due upon customs clearance
  • Postponed Accounting: Available for regular importers

2. Customs Duties:

  • EU Common Customs Tariff (TARIC)
  • MFN Rates: Applied to non-FTA partners
  • Preferential Rates: Under EU FTAs
  • Agricultural Levies: Additional duties for CAP products

Specific Duty Rates:

  • Wines & Spirits: Various specific duties based on alcohol content
  • Agricultural Products: Complex tariff-rate quotas
  • Textiles: 4-12% depending on type
  • Cars: 10% (MFN)

3. Excise Duties (Accises):

Alcohol:

  • Beer: €1.87 per hectoliter/degree Plato
  • Wine: €0 (still wine), €3.81/hectoliter (sparkling)
  • Intermediate Products: €15.29/hectoliter pure alcohol
  • Spirits: €15.29/hectoliter pure alcohol

Tobacco:

  • Cigarettes: €1.95/20 cigarettes + 54.5% of retail price
  • Cigars: €0.06/cigar + 8.5% of retail price

Energy Products:

  • Petrol: €0.6518/liter
  • Diesel: €0.5314/liter
  • Heating Oil: €0.0865/liter
  • Natural Gas: €0.88/GJ
  • Electricity: €0.75/MWh

4. Environmental Taxes:

  • General Tax on Polluting Activities (TGAP): On waste, air pollution, etc.
  • Carbon Tax: €44.60/ton CO2 (2023)
  • Plastic Tax: €0.80/kg non-recycled plastic (EU-wide)
  • REACH Fees: For chemical registration

C. SPECIAL CUSTOMS PROCEDURES

1. Customs Warehousing:

  • Type A: Public warehouses (entrepôts publics)
  • Type B: Private warehouses (entrepôts privés)
  • Type C: Special warehouses for specific goods
  • Type D: Storage premises for own use
  • Major Locations: Le Havre, Marseille-Fos, Paris CDG, Lyon

2. Processing Procedures:

  • Admission Temporaire: Temporary admission for processing
  • Perfectionnement Actif: Inward processing
  • Perfectionnement Passif: Outward processing
  • Transformation sous Douane: Processing under customs control

3. Temporary Admission:

  • Full Exemption: Professional equipment, commercial samples
  • Partial Exemption: Other cases
  • Time Limits: Generally 24 months, extendable
  • Carnet ATA: Accepted for temporary admissions

4. Transit Procedures:

  • Transit Commun: Common transit within EU
  • Transit International Routier (TIR): For road transport
  • NCTS: Electronic transit system mandatory

D. SECTOR-SPECIFIC REGULATIONS

1. Agricultural & Food Products:

  • Appellation d’Origine Contrôlée (AOC): Protected designations
  • Label Rouge: Quality certification
  • Agriculture Biologique: Organic certification
  • DGAL: Directorate General for Food controls
  • TRACES: Mandatory for animal products, plants

2. Wine & Spirits Industry:

  • INAO: National Institute of Origin and Quality
  • AOC Certification: Required for export
  • Alcohol Strength: Specific labeling requirements
  • Export Certificates: Required for many markets

3. Luxury Goods:

  • Indication Géographique (IG): Geographical indications
  • Anti-counterfeiting: Strict controls
  • Cultural Export: Special rules for high-value items
  • VAT Refund: Special scheme for tourist purchases

4. Aerospace Industry:

  • DGAC: French Civil Aviation Authority certification
  • Dual-use Controls: Strict export controls
  • ITAR Compliance: For US-origin components
  • End-use Certificates: Required for many destinations

5. Pharmaceutical Sector:

  • ANSM: French Medicines Agency approval
  • Good Distribution Practice: GDP certification required
  • Serialization: Unique identifier requirements
  • Pharmacovigilance: Post-market surveillance

E. DIGITAL SYSTEMS & AUTOMATION

1. French Customs Systems:

Delta System:

  • Handles 200+ million declarations annually
  • Fully electronic, real-time processing
  • Integrated with EU systems
  • 99.8% availability

Procedures Douanières:

  • SOFI: Customs information system
  • Cassy: Container security system
  • PDA: Simplified procedures for authorized traders
  • GAMME: Integrated customs management

2. Digital Platforms:

  • Douane.gouv.fr: Official customs portal
  • Mon.douane: Personalized customs space
  • Télédouane: Online customs services
  • PDA Simplifiée: Simplified procedures portal

3. API & Integration Services:

  • Web Services: SOAP/XML interfaces
  • EDI: EDIFACT standards (CUSDEC, CUSRES)
  • PDF Submission: For small businesses
  • Test Environment: Douane-Test available

F. COMPLIANCE & ENFORCEMENT FRAMEWORK

1. Risk-Based Control System:

Control Levels:

  • Circuit Vert (70%): Automatic release
  • Circuit Orange (25%): Documentary check
  • Circuit Rouge (4.5%): Physical inspection
  • Circuit Noir (0.5%): Comprehensive examination

Risk Assessment Factors:

  • Opérateur Économique Agréé (OEA) status: French AEO program
  • Country Risk: Based on origin/destination
  • Commodity Risk: High-risk categories
  • Value Discrepancies: Statistical analysis
  • Intelligence: From French and international sources

2. Audit Program:

  • Annual Audits: 150,000+ company audits
  • Risk-Based Selection: Using French customs algorithms
  • Audit Types: Contrôle sur pièces, contrôle sur place, enquête
  • Duration: Typically 1-6 months

3. Penalty Structure:

Administrative Penalties:

  • Late Declaration: €150-750 per declaration
  • Incorrect Information: 0.5-40% of evaded duties
  • Non-compliance: Fixed penalties up to €7,500
  • Recidivism: Higher penalties for repeat offenses

Criminal Penalties:

  • Contrebande: Up to 7 years imprisonment
  • Fraude Douanière: Up to 7 years
  • Blanchiment: Additional money laundering charges
  • Corporate Liability: Fines up to 10x the profit gained

4. Appeal Process:

  1. Réclamation Graciense: To customs administration within 2 years
  2. Recours Hiérarchique: To superior customs authority
  3. Recours Contentieux: To administrative courts
  4. Conseil d’État: Final administrative appeal

5. TRADE AGREEMENTS NETWORK

A. EU Membership:

  • Founding Member: 1957 (ECSC), 1958 (EEC)
  • Benefits: Full access to EU Single Market and Customs Union
  • Trade Policy: EU Common Commercial Policy
  • Eurozone: Since 1999

B. EU Free Trade Agreements:

  • Comprehensive Agreements:
    • Canada (CETA): Since 2017
    • Japan (EPA): Since 2019
    • UK (TCA): Since 2021
    • Singapore, Vietnam, Mexico
  • Under Negotiation:
    • Mercosur (opposed by French farmers)
    • Australia, New Zealand
    • Chile modernization

C. Francophone Trade Networks:

  • Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie: 88 member states
  • African CFA Franc Zone: Special economic relations
  • French-speaking Africa: Historical trade ties
  • DOM-TOM: French overseas territories special regimes

D. Bilateral Investment Treaties:

  • 108 BITs: Though mostly superseded by EU competence
  • Energy Charter Treaty: Member
  • Double Taxation Agreements: 120+ countries

6. MAJOR TRADE INFRASTRUCTURE

A. Ports (with Annual Tonnage):

Atlantic Coast:

  • Port of Le Havre: 68.5M tons, France’s largest container port (2.9M TEU)
  • Port of Nantes-Saint-Nazaire: 35.2M tons
  • Port of La Rochelle: 8.4M tons

Mediterranean Coast:

  • Port of Marseille-Fos: 81.0M tons, largest French port by tonnage
  • Port of Sète: 4.8M tons

English Channel:

  • Port of Dunkirk: 51.5M tons
  • Port of Calais: 41.8M tons (primarily ro-ro)

B. Airports (Cargo Volume):

  • Paris-Charles de Gaulle: 2.1M tons, Europe’s 2nd largest cargo airport
  • Paris-Orly: 0.12M tons
  • Lyon-Saint Exupéry: 0.08M tons
  • Marseille-Provence: 0.05M tons

C. Border Crossing Points:

Land Borders:

  • Belgium: 12 crossings
  • Luxembourg: 4 crossings
  • Germany: 8 crossings
  • Switzerland: 15 crossings
  • Italy: 6 crossings
  • Spain: 4 crossings

Channel Tunnel:

  • Coquelles (FR) – Folkestone (UK): Rail freight and vehicle shuttle

D. Logistics Centers:

  • Île-de-France Logistics Hub: Paris region (Roissy, SOGARIS)
  • Lyon Logistics Platform: Central-Eastern France hub
  • Marseille-Fos Logistics Zone: Mediterranean gateway
  • Le Havre Logistics Park: Atlantic gateway

7. EMERGING TRENDS & FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

A. Strategic Autonomy Initiative:

  • France 2030 Plan: €54B investment in strategic sectors
  • Reshoring: Bringing back pharmaceutical, electronics production
  • Critical Raw Materials: Securing supply chains
  • Digital Sovereignty: Cloud de confiance, Gaia-X

B. Green Transition:

  • Renewable Energy: 33% renewable target by 2030
  • Nuclear Power: €52B investment in new reactors
  • Electric Vehicles: €30B investment through 2030
  • Hydrogen Economy: €7B public investment

C. Agricultural Transformation:

  • Agroecology: Transition to sustainable agriculture
  • Food Sovereignty: Reducing import dependence
  • Organic Farming: 18% of agricultural land target by 2027
  • Precision Agriculture: Digital farming investments

D. Digital Economy:

  • AI Strategy: €1.5B public investment
  • Quantum Computing: €1.8B national program
  • 5G Deployment: 12,000+ sites operational
  • Cybersecurity: Growing export sector

E. Luxury & Creative Industries:

  • Sustainable Luxury: €300M investment in sustainable materials
  • French Tech: Startup ecosystem development
  • Cultural Exception: Protecting French cultural products
  • Tourism Recovery: Targeting €200B revenue by 2025

8. KEY CONTACTS & RESOURCES

A. Government Agencies:

  1. French Customs (DGDDI):douane.gouv.fr
    • Phone: 0800 94 40 40 (free from France)
    • Email: infos.douane@douane.finances.gouv.fr
    • Address: 11 rue des Deux Communes, 93558 Montreuil
  2. Business France: businessfrance.fr (export promotion)
  3. INSEE: insee.fr (statistics)
  4. Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs: diplomatie.gouv.fr

B. Industry Associations:

  1. MEDEF: Mouvement des Entreprises de France (medef.fr)
  2. UIC: Union des Industries Chimiques (uic.fr)
  3. CCFA: Comité des Constructeurs Français d’Automobiles (ccfa.fr)
  4. Fédération du Commerce et de la Distribution (FCD)

C. Statistical & Market Resources:

  1. INSEE Trade Statistics: insee.fr/fr/statistiques
  2. Banque de France: banque-france.fr (balance of payments)
  3. DGDDI Statistics: douane.gouv.fr/statistiques
  4. French Trade Commission: businessfrance.fr

9. ECONOMIC IMPACT & STRATEGIC POSITION

A. Trade Balance Challenges:

  • Persistent Deficit: Trade deficit since 2004
  • Energy Dependency: Major contributor to deficit
  • Industrial Specialization: Strong in high-value but narrow sectors
  • Services Surplus: Offset some goods deficit (tourism, engineering services)

B. Global Specialization:

  1. Aerospace: World’s 2nd largest aerospace exporter
  2. Luxury Goods: Global leader in luxury fashion, cosmetics, wines
  3. Nuclear Technology: World leader in nuclear energy technology
  4. Agriculture: EU’s largest agricultural producer
  5. Tourism: World’s most visited country

C. Competitiveness Indicators:

  • Global Competitiveness: 15th worldwide (WEF)
  • Innovation Index: 11th worldwide (Global Innovation Index)
  • Ease of Doing Business: 32nd worldwide (World Bank)
  • Logistics Performance: 16th worldwide (World Bank LPI)

D. Challenges & Vulnerabilities:

  1. Industrial Decline: Manufacturing share of GDP fallen from 20% to 10% since 1970
  2. Public Debt: 112% of GDP (2023)
  3. Labor Market Rigidities: High unemployment (7.5% in 2023)
  4. Energy Dependence: Historically reliant on nuclear, now diversifying
  5. Geopolitical Shifts: EU-US-China tensions affecting trade
  6. Agricultural Pressures: Climate change, trade competition

SUMMARY OF FRENCH TRADE CHARACTERISTICS:

  1. Persistent Trade Deficit: €221B deficit driven by energy imports
  2. Aerospace Leadership: 2nd globally after US, Airbus central
  3. Agricultural Powerhouse: EU’s largest producer, world’s 2nd largest exporter
  4. Luxury Dominance: Global leader in luxury goods, wines, cosmetics
  5. Nuclear Expertise: World leader in civil nuclear technology
  6. Tourism Superpower: World’s most visited country (pre-pandemic)
  7. EU Integration: Founding EU member, driving force in European project
  8. Francophone Network: Extensive trade links with French-speaking world
  9. Services Strength: Strong services exports offset goods deficit
  10. Strategic Autonomy: Active industrial policy to rebuild sovereignty

Note : This analysis is indicative on the current state of French trade as of early 2024. The landscape continues to evolve, particularly in response to geopolitical changes, digital transformation, and sustainability imperatives.